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surface

A surface, as the term is most generally used, is the outermost or uppermost layer of a physical object or space. It is the portion or region of the object that can first be perceived by an observer using the senses of sight and touch, and is the portion with which other materials first interact. The surface of an object is more than "a mere geometric solid", but is "filled with, spread over by, or suffused with perceivable qualities such as color and warmth".The concept of surface has been abstracted and formalized in mathematics, specifically in geometry. Depending on the properties on which the emphasis is given, there are several non equivalent such formalizations, that are all called surface, sometimes with some qualifier, such as algebraic surface, smooth surface or fractal surface.
The concept of surface and its mathematical abstraction are both widely used in physics, engineering, computer graphics, and many other disciplines, primarily in representing the surfaces of physical objects. For example, in analyzing the aerodynamic properties of an airplane, the central consideration is the flow of air along its surface. The concept also raises certain philosophical questions—for example, how thick is the layer of atoms or molecules that can be considered part of the surface of an object (i.e., where does the "surface" end and the "interior" begin), and do objects really have a surface at all if, at the subatomic level, they never actually come in contact with other objects.

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  1. E

    For Sale 9 Quinn Low Surface Temperature (LST) radiator covers.

    I have for sale a selection of Quinn Low Surface Temperature (LST) radiator covers for sale. Can be used on radiators as well as wall-mounted electric heaters. Safety compliant for NHS. In a variety of sizes. Well over £3000 worth. New unused. Clearance price only £500. Collection from...
  2. J

    URGENT what shower exposed valve accepts surface mounted supplies dropped from ceiling, Cant find any on normal websites.

    shower valve that takes exposed supplies from ceiling
  3. CorgiDirect

    A must have for Engineers - New X-MIST Sanitiser , Vehicle, Surface & Room

    X-MIST Sanitiser - Room, Surface & Vehicle X-Mist™ is fully tested, approved and certified to kill Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) – the cause of COVID 19 This revolutionary new “easy to use” broad-spectrum germicide is formulated specifically for deodorising and sanitising all type’s of space...
  4. CorgiDirect

    400ml Multi Surface, Rapid Acting Surface Sanitiser Now Available

    400ml Multi Surface, Rapid Acting Surface Sanitiser VIEW HERE
  5. M

    Does mdpe need to be insulated as it comes up to the surface from 750mm?

    Hi, does the mpde supply need lagging as it comes back up to the surface from 750mm down and if so what should I use? Also part of the run can be along a wall to cut down on digging, will armaflex be ok to insulate it? Thanks in advance! Mike
  6. Windy

    Surface mounted Electrical socket

    Hi, If you have one of the above, less than 150mm from a gas pipe is that just an advisory warning notice and tell the customer that they should get it moved by a qualified electrician? Also if there is no bonding within 600mm of the meter outlet the same job, would you just add this to the...
  7. S

    Green stains on inner surface of WC

    Our house is fed by a spring. The water is soft and so on the acidic side. We had a new upstairs WC and sink fitted. However, over time the WC has gained some green stains down the inside back, where the water flushes down. I am guessing these are caused by the soft water and maybe some...
  8. M

    Flue 600mm from a surface or boundary facing the terminal

    Any one come across it were a builder has built a house and were the position they want the boiler the flue points out to a boundary. No surface there. But less than 600mm away from the boundary line between 2 properties. I am correct in saying this is not acceptable? Its mainly for nuisance...
  9. M

    Surface mounted copper

    I have an install job to do in a curved bay where the pipework will all be surface mounted and on show. I am at a loss to know how to bend a full length in a curve to match the bay! Anyone done anything similar? It has to be spot on and look good. I have 3 radiators to fit around this huge bay.
  10. D

    Radiator surface temperature

    Hi, Can anyone confirm to me whether the surface temperature of a domestic radiator is determined only by the flow temperature of the water going through it ( i.e. c. 75 deg). I am currently having a battle with a heating engineer who is arguing that it is down to a lack of in-ceiling insulation...
  11. L

    Replace thermostatic mixer shower where surface pipes are only 3.5cm apart

    Hi I need to replace a thermostatic mixer shower, but the surface water pipes are only 3.5 cm apart - I believe they are mainly 150 mm apart nowadays? I would like to do this with minimal disruption - does anyone know if anyone manufactures a shower with such a clearance? If not, what would...
  12. S

    WC Cistern condensation

    Hi all. am at a call out and the customer is complaining about water on the bathroom floor under the close coupled toilet. Nothing appears to be leaking but the Cistern is dripping with condensation. what can I do about this? The bathroom has bath,shower over bath and.is.quite small with no...
  13. N

    Ideal RD2 - Hot Surface Igniter - Help

    Hi All, Hoping someone can help....The hot surface igniter keeps burning out. I've just tested a new one, I'm getting approx 170VAC which drops to 120VAC once the burner has lite but it seems the PCB is not switching the igniter off. I've left the boiler running for 3-4 minutes and there's...
  14. Bettyboo

    Bristan 1901 thermostatic surface mounted rigid riser leaking - photo attached

    Hi I have a Bristan shower which is leaking from the cold feed as it enters the thermostatic surface mounted rigid riser. It is continuously dripping and started leaking when my megaflo played up last week I have a Valliant ecotec boiler and a megaflo tank. About 18 mths old. Last Thurs water...
  15. S

    Hot and colds crossed

    Does anyone know of a bar mixer shower that has hot on the right and cold on the left? Crossed hot hot and colds in a new bathroom that's already been tiled over? thanks
  16. T

    Surface mount a shower mixer bar

    Is there a bracket to surface mount the pipe work on a bar type shower mixer, I have only ever done these with the pipe work in the wall. I am supposed to be installing a pumped system tomorrow and the customer decided to get her own mixer. Just sent me a picture of it and dohhhh moment. Can't...
  17. Dom Perkins

    Mains water supply, Can it be run surface around property?

    Hi all, Have discovered a leak between the water meter and the stop-cock under the house somewhere. A lot of it is buried under the floor/in concrete so have no way of getting at it to find and fix. I'd like to run a new 25mm from the meter (under the drive) and pop it up at the corner of the...
  18. D

    Fitting a surface mounted shower mixer

    I have a Crosswater surface mounted shower mixer to fit but it doesnt come with any wall brackets to give a connection to the supply. Comes with an S bend threaded at each end. I have copper supply pipes coming through the tiles. I have tried my local plumbers merchant but they dont have...
  19. R

    Scale master condense master

    Has anyone ever used this product or anything similar. Spoke to scale master rep and he said if u use this you can just have ur condensate pipe sticking out the wall. As long as the unit is changed every year.
  20. M

    Shower head with adjustable spray and bottom inlet

    OK I give up, I've spent ages looking for this but can't find one. A chrome shower head with a nozzle or head that can be angled in different directions but which also has a bottom inlet for surface mounted pipework. Any suggestions please post details. Thanks
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